Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers

Produktbeschreibung

The earth's cryosphere, which includes snow, glaciers and ice caps, ice sheets, ice shelves, sea ice, river and lake ice, and frozen ground, contains about 75% of the earth's fresh water. It exists at almost all latitudes, from the tropics to the poles, and plays a vital role in controlling the global climate system. It also provides direct visible evidence of the effect of climate change, and, therefore, requires proper understanding of the complex dynamics.

This encyclopedia mainly focuses on the various aspects of snow, ice and glaciers, but also covers other cryospheric branches, and provides an up-to-date information and basic concepts on relevant topics. It includes alphabetically arranged and professionally written, comprehensive and authoritative academic articles by well-known international experts in individual fields. The encyclopedia contains a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from the atmospheric processes responsible for snow formation; transformation of snow to ice and changes in their properties; classification of ice and glaciers and their worldwide distribution; glaciation and ice ages; glacier dynamics; glacier surface and subsurface characteristics; geomorphic processes and landscape formation; hydrology and sedimentary systems; permafrost degradation; hazards caused by cryospheric changes; and trends of glacier retreat on the global scale along with the impact of climate change.

This book can serve as a source of reference at the undergraduate and graduate level and help better understand snow, ice and glaciers. This will also be an indispensable tool containing specialized literature for geologists, geographers, climatologists, hydrologists, and water resources engineers; as well as to those who are engaged in the practice of agricultural and civil engineering, earth sciences, environmental sciences and engineering, ecosystem management, and other relevant subjects. 

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Ablation Depression.-Ablatometer.-Acidity of Glacier Ice.-Active Ice
Wedge.-Adfreeze.-Aerial Photogrammetry for Glacial Monitoring.-Alaskan
Glaciers.-Albedo.-Alps.-Altai-Sayan Glaciers.-Anabatic Winds: In Relation with
Snow/Glacier Basin.-Anchor Ice.-Andean Glaciers.-Anisotropic Ice
Flow.-Antarctica.-Anti-Icing.-Anti-Syngenetic Ice Wedge.-Appalachian Glacier
Complex in Maritime Canada.-Arctic Hydroclimatology.-Artificial Ground
Freezing.-Artificial Production of Snow.-Atmosphere-Snow/Ice
Interactions.-Atmospheric Circulation and Glaciochemical Records.-Automated
Glacier Mapping.-Basal Sediment Evacuation by Subglacial Drainage Systems.-Base
Flow/Groundwater Flow.-Bed (Bottom) Topography.-Bed Forms (Fluvial).-Bed
Roughness.-Bed Strength.-Benchmark Glacier.-Biogeochemistry of Sea Ice.-Blue
Ice.-Bottom Melting or Undermelt (Ice Shelf).-Brash Ice.-Calving
Glaciers.-Canadian Rockies and Coast Mountains of Canada.-Cascade Mountains,
USA.-Cascade System.-Catastrophic Flooding.-Catastrophic Rock Slope Failures and
Mountain Glaciers.-Catchment Glacier.-Caucasus Mountains.-Characteristics of
Snow and Glacier Fed Rivers in Mountainous Regions with Special Reference to
Himalayan Basins.-Chemical Composition of Snow, Ice, and Glaciers.-Chemical and
Microbe Records in Snow and Ice.-Chemical Processes in Snow and Ice.-Circulation
and Mixing in Ice-Covered Lakes.-Cirque Glaciers.-Temperature and
Precipitation.-Cloudburst.-Cohesion.-Cold-Based Glaciers.-Condensation
Nuclei.-Confluence of Rivers.-Congelation Ice.-Crack.-Creep.-Crevasses.-Critical
Temperature.-Crush.-Crust.-Cryoconite.-Cryodessication.-Cryofront.-Cryogenesis.-Cryogenic
Aquiclude.-Cryogenic Fabric.-Cryolithology.-Cryopeg.-Cryosol.-Cryostatic
Pressure.-Cryostructure.-Cryoturbation.-Dating Glacial Landforms.-Dead
Ice.-Debris.-Debris Thermal Properties and Impact on Ice
Ablation.-Debris-Covered Glaciers.-Deglaciation.-Degree-Days.-Depletion of Snow
Cover.-Deposition from Debris-Rich Ice.-Digital Elevation Model Generation over
Glacierized Region.-Digital Image Information Extraction Techniques for Snow
Cover Mapping from Remote Sensing Data.-Direct Surface
Runoff.-Discharge/Streamflow.-Distributary Channels.-Diurnal Cycle of
Runoff.-Diverging Ice Flow.-Drift Glacier/Ice/Snow.-Dry and Wet Snow
Line/Zone.-Dry Snow.-Dye Tracer Investigations of Glacier Hydrology.-Dynamics of
Glaciers.-Elongation Ratio.-Englacial Conduit.-Englacial
Processes.-.Environmental Isotopes.-Epigenetic Ice.-Epiglacial
Morphology.-Equilibrium-Line Altitude (ELA).-Erosion of Hard Rock Bed.-Erosion
Rate.-Estimation of Glacier Volume and Volume Change by Scaling Methods.-Estuary
Ice Cover.-Fast Ice.-Finger Rafting.-Firn.-Fjords.-Foliation.-Forbes
Band.-Formation and Deformation of Basal Ice.-Frazil.-Freezing Bottom (Ice
Shelf).-Freezing Meltwater.-Freezing and Thawing Index.-Frequency Analysis of
Snow Storms.-Fresh Water Storage.-Frictional Melting.-Frost.-Frozen Soil
Hydrology.-Frozen Toe (Outer Zone of Glacier Snout).-Gelisols.-Geochemistry of
Snow and Ice.-Geocryology.-GIS in Glaciology.-Glacial Drainage
Characteristics.-Glacial Ecosystems.-Glacial Erosion.-Glacial Erratic.-Glacial
Geomorphology and Landforms Evolution.-Glacial Grooves.-Glacial
Overdeepening.-Glacial Striations.-Glacial Trough.-Glacial/Interglacial
Cycles.-Glaciation During Times of Enhanced/Reduced Atmospheric Carbon
Dioxide.-Glaciations and Groundwater Flow Systems.-Glacier.-Glacier Bird of the
Andes.-Glacier Cave.-Glacier Field Studies: Important Things to Notice.-Glacier
Hydrology.-Glacier Lake Outburst Floods.-Glacier Mass Balance.-Glacier
Motion/Ice Velocity.-Glacier Pothole.-Glacier Sliding.-Glacier Surging.-Glacier
System.-Glacier Toe.-Glaciers of the Karakoram
Himalaya.-Glacieret.-Glacierization.-Glacioeustasy.-Glaciofluvial.-Glaciogenic
Deposits.-Glaciohydraulic
Supercooling.-Glacioisostasy.-Glaciolacustrine.-Glaciology.-Glaciomarine.-Glaciostatic
Pressure/Stress.-Glaciotectonic Structures, Landforms, and Processes.-Global
Climate Modeling in Cryospheric Assessment.-Global Outlook of Snowcover, Sea
Ice, and Glaciers.-Global Warming and its Effect on Snow/Ice/Glaciers.-GPS in
Glaciology, Applications.-GRACE in Glaciology.-Granulometry.-Gravel
Sheet.-Gravitational Mass Movement Deposits.-Gravity Flow (Mass
Flow).-Gray-White Ice.-Greenland Glaciers Outside the Ice Sheet.-Greenland Ice
Sheet.-Ground Ice.-Ground Penetrating Radar Measurements over Glaciers.-Heat and
Mass Transfer in Sea Ice.-High Elevation Glacio-Climatology.-Himalaya.-Himalayan
Glaciers in 2010 and 2035.-Hindu Kush.-Holocene Glacier Fluctuations.-Horizontal
Component of Ablation.-Horizontal Component of Velocity.-Hummocks
(Peat).-Hydrochemical Characteristics of Snow, Ice, and Glaciers.-Hydrogen
Isotopes.-Hydrographs.-Hydrologic Cycle and Snow.-Hydrological Response in
Glacierized Basins.-Hydrology of Jökulhlaups.-Hydropower: Hydroelectric Power
Generation from Alpine Glacier Melt.-Hypsometry.-Hysteresis.-Ice.-Ice Age.-Ice
Age Cycles: Data, Models, and Uncertainties.-Ice Age Development Theory.-Ice
Apron.-Ice Caps.-Ice Caves.-Ice Core.-Ice Covered Lakes.-Ice Dams.-Ice
Sheet.-Ice Sheet Mass Balance.-Ice Shelf.-Ice-Cored Moraines.-Ice-Dammed
Lakes.-Ice-Marginal Deposition.-Ice-Marginal Processes.-Ice-Volcano
Interactions.-Icefall.-Iceland Glaciers.-ICESat Data in Glaciological
Studies.-Icicle.-Icing.-Impacts of Snow and Glaciers on Runoff.-Interception of
Snow.-Interflow.-International Polar Year 2007-2008.-Interstitial Ice.-Intrusive
Ice.-Inventory of Glaciers.-Inverse Methods in Glaciology.-Inversion
Layers.-Inverted Cup Depth Hoar Crystals.-Irreducible Water.-Isotope
Analysis.-Isotopic Characteristics of Ice, Snow, and Glaciers.-Isotopic
Fractionation of Freezing Water.-Isotopic Signatures.-Kame and Kettle
Topography.-Katabatic Wind: In Relation with Snow and
Glaciers.-Kilimanjaro.-Kunlun Mountains.-Lake Ellsworth.-Lake Ice.-Lake
Vostok.-Laminated Sediments.-Landforms of Glacial Deposition.-Landformsof
Glacial Erosion.-Landforms of Glacial Transportation.-Landscapes of Glacial
Erosion.-Last Glacial Maximum Glaciation (LGM/LGP) in High Asia (Tibet and
Surrounding Mountains).-Latent Heat of Condensation.-Latent Heat of
Fusion/Freezing.-Latent Heat of Sublimation.-Latent Heat of
Vaporization/Condensation.-Lateroglacial.-Lateroglacial Landform
Systems.-Laurentide Ice Sheet.-Layering of Snow.-LIDAR in Glaciology.-Little Ice
Age.-Lobe.-Mapping of Internal Glacial Layers.-Marginal Channel (Lateral
Meltwater Channel).-Marginal Ice Zones.-Marine Glaciers.-Marine Ice
Sheet.-Mechanical Weathering.-Median Elevation of Glaciers.-Mediterranean
Glaciers and Glaciation.-Melt Runoff Modeling.-Melting Processes.-Meltwater
Channels.-Meltwater Conduit.-Meltwater Erosion.-Meltwater Pressure.-Meltwater
Storage.-Microorganisms Associated with Glaciers.-Monitoring and Warning
Systems.-Monsoonal Records Observed from
Snow/Ice/Glacier.-Moraine.-Moulins.-Mount Everest.-Mount Kenya.-Mountain
Geomorphology.-Natural Hazards Associated with Glaciers and Permafrost.-Negative
Temperature Gradient (in Ice).-Neoglaciation.-Network of Stakes.-New Zealand
Glaciers.-Niche Glacier.-Normalized-Difference Snow Index (NDSI).-Nye (N)
Channels.-Ogives.-Optical Remote Sensing of Alpine Glaciers.-Orographic
Precipitation.-Outlet Glacier.-Overburden Pressure.-Oxygen Isotopes.-Palaeo
Glaciofluvial Sediment Systems.-Palaeo-Channel.-Palaeo-Ice Stream.-Palaeoclimate
and Past Glaciations.-Palaeohydrology.-Pamirs.-Pancake Ice.-Papua.-Paraglacial
Landscape Transformations.-Patagonia.-Paternoster Lakes.-Peak Flood Glacier
Discharge.-Percolation Zone.-Perennially Frozen
Ground.-Periglacial.-Permacrete.-Permafrost.-Permafrost on Asteroids.-Permafrost
and Climate Interactions.-Permafrost Modeling.-Permanent/Perpetual Snow
Line.-Physical Properties of Snow.-Piedmont Glaciers.-Pingo.-Plastic
Deformation.-Plastic Flow.-Pleistocene Epoch.-Plucking.-Polythermal
Glaciers.-Precipitation.-Proglacial Lakes.-Quaternary Glaciation.-Radar
Application in Snow, Ice, and Glaciers.-Radiative Transfer Modeling.-Radioactive
Fallout.-Radioactive Isotopes.-Radioactivity.-Rain-Induced Snowmelt.-Ram
Resistance.-Rating Curve.-Recession Coefficient.-Recession of
Discharge.-Reconstruction of the Last Glaciations in the Whole of
Asia.-Recrystallization of Ice.-Refreezing of
Meltwater.-Regelation.-Remobilization (of
Debris).-Resedimentation.-Retreat/Advance of Glaciers.-Rime Ice.-River Ice
Hydrology.-Roche Moutonnees.-Rock Glaciers.-Rocky Mountains.-Röthlisberger
(R)-Channels.-Runoff Coefficient.-Runoff Generation.-Runoff Observations.-Runout
Distance.-Salinity.-Saltation.-Scandinavian Glaciers.-Sea
Ice.-Sea-Level.-Seasonal Frost.-Seasonal Snow Cover.-Sediment Budgets.-Sediment
Core and Glacial Environment Reconstruction.-Sediment Entrainment, Transport,
and Deposition.-Sediment Flux Source-To-Sink.-Sediment Gravity Flow.-Sediment
Routing.-Sediment Transfer Modeling.-Sediment Yield.-SEM Analysis of Glacial
Sediments.-Septa of Englacial Debris.-Serac.-Siberia.-Slush and Sleet of
Snow.-Snow.-Snow Bed/Snow Bed Vegetation.-Snow Course.-Snow Cover and Snowmelt
in Forest Regions.-Snow Cover Changes in the Alps.-Snow Crystal Structure.-Snow
Deformation.-Snow Density.-Snow Depth.-Snow Drift.-Snow Gauge.-Snow Grains.-Snow
Hydrology.-Snow Layer.-Snow Load.-Snow Metamorphism.-Snow Microstructure.-Snow
Pellet.-Snow Pillow.-Snow Pit.-Snow Ripening.-Snow Skating.-Snow Skiing.-Snow
Storm.-Snow and Vegetation Interaction.-Snow Water
Equivalent.-Snowboard.-Solifluction.-Solute in Glacial Meltwaters.-Solutes in
Glacier Ice.-Specific Melt Rate.-Stable Isotopes.-Stage-Discharge
Relationship.-Stationary Glacier.-Stratigraphy of Snowpacks.-Streamflow Trends
in Mountainous Regions.-Structural Glaciology.-Subglacial Borehole
Instrumentation.-Subglacial Drainage System.-Subglacial Lakes,
Antarctic.-Subglacial Processes.-Subglacial Volcanism.-Subglacial
Weathering.-Sublimation from Snow and Ice.-Summer Accumulation
TypeGlaciers.-Super Cooling Clouds.-Supercooled Water.-Supra-Glacial Debris
Entrainments.-Surface Energy Balance.-Surface Temperature of Snow and
Ice.-Suspended Sediment Concentration.-Suspended Sediment Dynamics.-Suspended
Sediment Load.-Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Interferometry for Glacier
Movement Studies.-Talik.-Tarn.-Temperate Glaciers.-Temperature Lapse Rates in
Glacierized Basins.-Temperature Profile of Snowpack.-Terminus.-Terraces.-Thaw
Weakening.-Thermal Infrared Sensors.-Thermal Regime of Ice-Covered
Lakes.-Thermokarst.-Thinning of Arctic Sea Ice.-Thinning of Glaciers.-Tibetan
Plateau.-Tidewater Glaciers.-Tien Shan Glaciers.-Till.-Topographic Normalization
of Multispectral Satellite Imagery.-Transformations of Snow at the Earth's
Surface and its Climatic and Environmental Consequences.-Transient
Snowline.-Tree-Ring Indicators of Glacier Fluctuations.-Tributary
Glaciers.-Urban Snow.-U-Shape Valley.-Vein Ice.-V-Shaped Valley.-Water Balance
in the Glacierized Region.-Westerlies and their Effects on Maritime Ice Caps and
Glaciers.-WGMS (World Glacier Monitoring Service).-Winter Accumulation
Glacier.-Year-Round Ablation Pattern.-Younger Dryas 

Kritik

From the reviews:

Weighing in at 1300 Letter-size pages of double-columned small print, and peppered every two or three pages with graphs, diagrams and photographs, often in colour, the encyclopedia is crammed with information and attractively packaged. ... the three editors, supported by a seven-strong editorial board of leading glaciologists, have done an impressive job of persuading a broad range of international experts to contribute entries to the volume.
(Robert Bingham, University of Aberdeen, Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 57, No. 206, 2011, pp. 1171-1172)

"Present the current state of scientific understanding of various aspects of earth's cryosphere --snow, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, ice shelves, sea ice, river and lake ice, and permafrost -- and their related interdisciplinary connections under one umbrella. ... the book is impressive ... . a reference for all levels of undergraduates and graduates, as well as for geologists, geographers, climatologists, hydrologists, and many other relevant users. ... Libraries, scholars and researchers of the subjects will certainly value the book in their reference collections." (John Splettstoesser, The Polar Times, January 2012)

"The main articles include a number of regional surveys which range from Antarctica to Kilimanjaro. ... There are articles on potential risk factors that are of immediate interest to those dealing with safety and emergency planning. There are detailed topics that will interest the specialist. ... Article on the historical interpretation of glacial remains will interest historical geographers. No doubt there is much that will interest the armchair enthusiast and the mountaineer ... . a worthy addition to the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences series." (John Goodier, Reference Reviews, Vol. 26 (2), 2012) 

Autoreninfo

Vijay P. Singh holds the Caroline and W. N. Lehrer Distinguished Chair in Water Engineering, and is also a Professor of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, and Civil and Environmental Engineering at Texas A & M University. He has authored 16 text and reference books, edited 49 books, authored 72 book chapters, and published more than 550 refereed journal articles, 320 conference proceedings papers and 70 technical reports. He is Editor¿in¿Chief of the Water Science and Technology Book Series of Springer, the ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, and Water Science and Engineering. He has received more than 60 national and international awards and numerous honors, including the ASCE's Arid Lands Hydraulic Engineering Award; Distinguished Research Master Award from Louisiana State University; ASCE's Ven Te Chow Award; AIH's Ray K. Linsley Award; Hon. Ph.D. from University of Basilicata, Italy; Hon. D. Eng. from University of Waterloo, Canada; Hon. Member, American Water Resources Association; and Hon. Diplomate from American Academy of Water Resources Engineers. He is a fellow of ASCE, AWRA, IE, IAH, ISAE, and IWRS. He is a member/fellow of 10 international science and engineering academies. His research interests include surface and groundwater hydrology, hydraulic engineering, irrigation engineering, and mathematical and stochastic modeling.

Pratap Singh has over 30 years experience in snow and glacier hydrology with an emphasis on modeling of snow and glacier melt runoff. He developed a snow melt model (SNOWMOD), which has been applied for streamflow simulation for snow- and glacier-fed rivers. He has published over 100 technical papers in international/national journals and co-authored with Professor V.P. Singh a book on Snow and Glacier Hydrology, published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. He is Associate Editor for the Hydrological Sciences Journal, Wallingford, UK.

Umesh K. Haritashya is afaculty member in the Department of Geology at the University of Dayton, where he teaches courses in glacial geology, geomorphology and remote sensing. He has extensive experience of working on many mountain regions around the world. His research interests include debris cover glacier characterization, glacier dynamics, contribution of glaciers to sea level rise, impact of climate change on mountain glaciers, and glacier hydrology. He is also associated with NASA's GLIMS project and is an editorial board member of the Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, the Open Hydrology Journal, and Himalayan Geology.